The present article deals with introducing and critically studying the book Descartes Embodied: Reading Cartesian Philosophy through Cartesian Science by Daniel Garber. Garber, one of the most prominent researchers of modern philosophy and contemporary Descartes-scholar, wrote the book in 1980, and it was published by Cambridge University Press. This work has been released in French, yet there is no Persian translation available. It is a collection of articles written separately by author and published in credible philosophical journals. The unifying subject of the articles is the relationship between Descartes’ philosophical and scientific areas of interest. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content. This article intends to introduce the author and covers the literary style of the book in English in brief. The article mainly addresses the introduction and critical analysis of the book itself, in two parts successively: form and content.

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

As a communicative-epistemological concept, ambiguity is pivotal to any discussion of reading. Due to its roots in different fields of knowledge, as well as its dependence on age, genre, style, etc., ambiguity finds different embodiments in different circumstances. Therefore, it would be very difficult to discuss the concept without delimiting it to specific ages or genres. This paper is a meta-commentary on “ The Function of Ambiguity in the Process of Reading Texts” by Forough Sahba. Via her analysis of some modernist and postmodernist narratives, Sahba has argued that despite the theory of the death of the author, modernist and postmodernist uses of ambiguity show the centrality of the author. The book is informative and especially helpful in defining different types of ambiguity. However, it has some shortcomings: it has no literature review; its classifications of ambiguity are not satisfying; and it has a few inconsistencies in its form and content. Moreover, it is based on a contradictory claim.

  Like other artistic contents such as poetry, painting and film, the product of photographic action, i.e. photo (Image), is exposed to all kinds of questions when entering into a communicational process. This kind of action is called " Image reading". Critics usually look at the photos in various ways and approaches based on different philosophical and aesthetic definitions and theories, and thus read, interpret and elaborate it and share their opinions with others. In general, the act of reading literal and artistic artworks is related to the ontological, epistemological and methodological encounter with them in order to understand, interpret, and analyze their different aspects and layers. From this perspective, reading of artworks, including photographs, is a kind of action that can be compared with the action and encounter of scientists and thinkers toward the world and objects in order to gain knowledge and insight. If scientists seek to understand the world and explain its phenomena in many different manners, the goal and intention of critics is the recognition and explanation of art works and sharing of their interpretations with others. Hence, science and art can beperceied in the same manner, and sometimes by similar methods, therefore by using some theories and models in the field of science and technology one can reflect on and contemplate how to encounter and read artworks.In this regard, the purpose of this research is to analyze the process of image reading and its constructionism. Therefore, identification of the main factors and elements involving image reading and the relation between them, has been attempted. The research method is descriptive, analytical and comparative, and the used approach is the theory of Bruno Latour. He has provided a different and interesting theory about the encounter of scientists to the world and objects and also the construction of all kinds of scientific and technical innovations which the investigational and analytical power to study all types of networks and their construction methods are among its characteristic feature. Based on his theory, Actor–network theory (ANT), Latour believes that everything is the output of relating human and non-human actors, including all living creatures, objects and artifacts, and so it is the way that all kind of structures such as scientific reality, buildings, government, parties, books and films are made.Latour looks at the universe regardless of common categorizations  such as subject-object, real- unreal, natural- artificial and based on the Actor–network theory (ANT), he believes that the universe is composed of a heterogeneous interrelation betwen human and non-human (creatures, objects, artifacts), observable and unobservable (virus, microbes and electrons) actors that unite together to achieve their goals, and that is how scientific, technical, legal, political, cultural, and artistic structures form a scientific reality a political party, or government, buildings, cars, books and stories. Actor–network is a concert concept that shows two sides of one phenomenon; network is made of the connections among actors, and any entity that owns action and can cause change is considered as an actor. Therefore, there is no difference between a human actor and other non-human ones such as stones, birds, words, books, etc. Thus the nature, role, power and the functionality of each actor is determined within the network and relationships and connections that it has with other actors.Basically, in isolation and without any connection with other human and non-human actors, no actor can make a change or create an action.  For example, driving takes place in network consisting of driver, car, road, weather, traffic rules, traffic signs, police, etc. that each of these actors influences the other and they define, interpret and adjusts the goals and strengths of one another. Speed, does not depend only on the driver's will, but it is determined and adjusted by other actors like car, weather, road, and the police. In other words, the driver here decides and acts as a network actor and has functionality but he is not a separate actor.Since the basis of this theory is according to the way that actors are connected within each network, so if we want to study actions in the field of science, technology, religion, law and art law and investigate a product like law, government, book, movie or reading, first we have to identify the actors involved in the creation of the product and then reconstruct and analyze their interaction and negotiation within the network. In fact, instead of studying a product, the process of making it is considered here.Activist-network theory is ontological and a general method that is not allocated just to science and technology, as we can study scientific and methodological approaches with reference to this theory, as well as religion, politics,culture, and art. Therefore, by reconstructing this theory ontologically and psychologically and borrowing some generalizable concepts of Latour's theory, explaining and interpreting them, we can use it to present the formation and construction the process of image reading and trace the main actors and involvers in the process to clarify how they interact with each other through conflict, negotiation and interpretation, define and redefine change and adjust one another in order a reading to be created.The main concern of this theory is the study of the nature of union, relation, connection and interaction of different human and non-human actors with each other within any network and how an output or structure is made. From this aspect, all types of image readings can be considered as a structure or product, in which many elements and actors have role and influence. Critics usually do the image reading with a certain method and approach and place their emphasis and orientation towards the artwork, artist, audience or a combination of them, but in this article, instead of describing the methods and approaches of image reading, we study and analyze the constructionism of the process itself. Therefore, these questions are raised, how is the process of image reading formed and finally made? Who are its main actors? What is the way of connection, communication and interaction of the actors involved in image reading with each other? Regardless of the creation of identity and definite homogenization between scientific and artistic theories, one can increase their understanding and analytical power in relation to artworks and photographs through such studies. Also, due to the lack of such attitudes and researches in the field of photography, by conducting and expanding such approaches new horizons and frameworks for interpretation of photography, and photography itself will be opened.Finally, this research comes to the conclusion that image reading forms in the first step from the vision exposure and its union with human activism, i.e. the image critic, and then through blending, interaction, confrontation and negotiation of all actors involved in the network- from the title and statement of the photo up to the perspective and intention of the photographer- the branch and category of the photos and aesthetics theories and art criticism are made. In fact, the critic's action is not independent and depends on the acting of other network actors. In this way each of the actors makes or breaks relationships and links and defines and redefines each other's nature and change and adjust each other's actions to create a reading. In fact, due to the connection and interaction of visible and invisible actors, image reading goes through the process of change and transformation. Also, emerging different types of readings arises from the way of connection, negotiation and conflict between the actors. On the other hand, if any kind of reading is noticed, approved and confirmed by other critics, acts as a new actor and can cause change and transformation in the whole network of image reading. In this way the network of reading expands and changes. At the end, it is suggested the how-ness of reading different artworks to be investigated and analyzed by experts from Actor–network theory (ANT) point of view. 

Referring to Precedents and studying them in the design process is a common activity performed by designers and if done correctly can help them solve design problems and lead to the formation of creative ideas. but, there is also a risk of superficial perception, which traps them in the trap of imitation. Therefore, how to read the Precedents and use them in the design process is of particular importance. The present study was conducted with the aim of drawing a framework and in order to create a model for generative reading of precedents and their use in the architectural design process. The generative capacity of reading precedents is related to disclosing viable principles in the analyzed work, and it aims to make the connection between analysis and design. To this end, it begins with a summary of the formalist critique approach as a model for reading architectural works and continues with a discussion of precedents as a source of design knowledge. Before concluding, it raises three important areas through three questions and examines them to draw its framework. Finally, as a conclusion, it proposes two approaches in utilizing precedents, during which we can study the precedents and approximate configuration with abstract diagrams and apply them to future situations in the first step, as well as develop them creatively to adapt to new situations at a later stage. And Discuss and apply the proposed framework as a way to study precedents in the design process.

Jackdaw Summer by David Almond, is one of the stories that were translated into Persian during the period of increasing children's literature translation in the eighties. It is the story of juvenile violence and those impressionable from environment. Using of different symbols, the author shows the crisis of puberty in adolescence, and by showing contrasts and contradictions, provides helps fictional characters achieve cognitive maturity with balance. This study is to show how one can, using the process of individuation by Jung and relying on symbolic emphasis, present the main character's conscious encounter with neglected elements of his unconscious, which leads to the recognition of the identity of the juvenile. Thus, this study provides a psychological analysis of this story through analyzing archetypes like Shadow, Oldwise and Anima and symbols used in the story, such as knives, snakes, jackdaw and six and 5, which provide the field and suitable pattern to achieve rebirth and self- knowledge.

Layer semiotics with sign substructure, langue, parole, codes, context and so on aims to provide an exact reading of text. In this procedure, the sign in discourse interaction will change to text. In fact in this process, the contextual reading has resulted the signs in form of codes which turn to textural layers. Although inter-text and inter-discourse reading of addressee will direct these layers. Khosrow and Shirin poem had the potential of this reading, so due to current research, some signs such as water, milk, blood, tree, stone, sun and so on are seen as the main actors of a story around three characters including Farhad, Khosrow, and Shirin so that phenomenological reading considers the above-mentioned signs in parallel to every character in semantic process in proportion with the implicit significations. Descriptive–analytic method of Layer Semiotics indicated how a poet can use the story economy in form of signs to make the volume of semantic-content structure of a literal work. So, some analysts with structuralism view in addition to purgatory view of all signs in reading different codes caused to the semantic reproduction, for example when the companion actors with Shirin such as water, milk and blood are placed due to the signs processing in different codes of mysticism, myth, psychology and so on. Finally, Shirin is placed in a way confronting different implicit significations such as Gnosticism Early death when she was punished.

Background: The role of refereeing and peer-reading in the ethics of research and publishing is very privileged and vital, and changes have occurred in this important part of scientific communication over the years. Despite the diversity in scientific judgments and the criticisms and challenges that have been brought to its implementation and nature, it is still accepted as a social norm in the scientific community. The current research is a review of the criticisms and challenges raised by researchers to this scientific approach. Conclusion: These criticisms range from defects in the function and implementation process to aspects such as the personalization of peer reading, the obvious or hidden negative effect of identity, the possibility of abuse, the lack of a suitable and trained referee, the existence of various types of bias and conflicts of interests in the refereeing, which make the refereeing ethical. has faced serious questions. A general overview of these criticisms along with familiarity with the important components of moral judgment can help to improve this scientific process.